[1]Lawrence B. Mohr,1969,1976; Jack L. Walker, 1969; Gray V. :1973;
[2]George W. Downs , Lawrence B. Mohr. “Conceptual Issues in Innovation”,Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (4) (Dec. 1976): 700-714。
[3]哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院1986年在全球范围内率先创立“美国政府创新项目”,旨在发现和推广美国各地的政府创新举措,通过向公众介绍美国政府的创新举措来树立或恢复国民对政府的信任”。
[4] Sandford Borins. 2008. Innovations in Government. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. PPix.
[5]George W. Downs , Lawrence B. Mohr. Conceptual Issues in Innovation”,Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (4) (Dec. 1976): 700-714。
[6]Eleanor D. Glor.. “Innovation Patterns”. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, Volume 6 (3), 2001.
[7] Richard M. Walker. “Measuring Public Services Innovation-a literature-based innovation output indicator in the housing association sector” . Public Administration Vol.80 NO.1,2002(201-214).
[8]Lawrence B. Mohr, “Determinants of Innovation in Organizations.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 111..
[9] Jack. L. Walker,“The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States”,The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep., 1969), pp. 881.
[10]小乔治·W. 唐斯:《创新研究中的概念问题》,
[11]Lawrence B. Mohr, “Determinants of Innovation in Organizations.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 111-126。
[12] Lawrence B. Mohr, “Determinants of Innovation in Organizations”. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 111-126。
[13]Perry, James L. and Lois Recascino Wise. 1990. “The Motivational Bases of Public Service.” Public Administration Review. May/June: 372.
[14]Eleanor D. Glor.. “Innovation Patterns”. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, Volume 6 (3), 2001.
[15]促成创新的外在动机有三个层次:1)实现管理的动机,即为了提高生产力(效率)、增进服务、加强组织控制、避免风险等原因而实施创新;2)个人的工作环境和外部环境鼓励创新;3)外部的奖励机制和工作目标设置鼓励创新;内在任务动机包括实现工作目标、展现能力、提高自主度和影响等动机。
[16]自下而上的组织文化的特点是:(1)授权关系;(2)分权;(3)组织闲散(产能过剩);(4)专业人士/人民和任务/商业文化;(5)重视人际沟通模式;(6)被鼓励拥有和培育外部网络的员工;(7)为员工提供信息(虽然这一点没有得到明确体现);(8)承认本组织是建立在个人、部门和组织之间的冲突、政治活动和内在紧张关系基础上的一种社会制度;(9)从个人对情境定义的角度分析变革;(10)该组织支持员工,重视他们的想法,创造战略支持和实施这些想法;(11)组织包括了员工并将组织资源置于员工控制之下;(12)在工作场所内一定程度的民主控制;(13)组织意识。自上而下的组织文化的特点是:(1)层级关系和侧重于控制或权力结构;(2)集权与形式化;(3)作用和权力文化;(4)重视正式沟通模式,员工被鼓励“使用渠道”;(5)强调结构和做事的“一个最佳途径”;(6)提供自上而下的创新方向,如从管理或行政领导。
[17]小的挑战是:(1)个人和(或)组织和管理在现状、机遇、自尊、时间、工作和精神活力方面的低风险;(2)个人风险低,权力、金钱、地位和尊重很少损失;(3)低公共风险,包括失败、职业后果、公众监督和(或)消极的媒体关注;(4)低强度的变革;(5)兼容现有的价值观念和创新实施者过去的经验;(6)对投身于更多变革和低威胁变革的低认识程度;(7)创新涉及操作决策、变革增量、现状/扩大再生产、变迁;(8)政府或政府外部团体内部的权力和权力关系没有或仅有很小的变革;(9)创新与所替代的事物相比的明显相对优势、在理解和运用方面较低的复杂性、较高的易测性和结果的可观察性。大的挑战包括:(1)个人和(或)组织和管理在现状、机遇、自尊、时间、工作和精神活力方面的高风险;(2)个人风险高,涉及权力、金钱、地位和尊重的损失;(3)公共风险,包括失败、职业后果、公众监督和(或)消极的媒体关注;(4)高强度的变革;(5)对现有价值观念和创新采用者过去经验的低兼容性;(6)对投身于更多变革和高威胁变革的高认知程度;(8)高度威胁的、战略性的变革,进化的变迁/革命性的转变,或政府或政府以外的团体的权力关系的变革;(9)创新与所替代的事物相比较低的相对优势、在理解和运用方面较高的复杂性、较低的易测性和结果的可观察性。
[18]Eleanor D. Glor.. Innovation Patterns. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, Volume 6 (3), 2001.
[19] Richard M. Walker. “Measuring Public Services Innovation-a literature-based innovation output indicator in the housing association sector”, Public Administration Vol.80 NO.1,2002(201-214).
[20] Lawrence B. Mohr,” Determinants of Innovation in Organizations”. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 111-126。
[21]陈雪莲:“地方政府创新的驱动模式”,《公共管理学报》,Vol.6 ,No.3. July 2009。
[22]Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th Edition. New York: The Free Press. 1995.
[23]Robert Eyestone. “Confusion, Diffusion, and Innovation”. The American Political Science Review, Volume 71, Issue 2 (Jan. 1977).
[24] Jack. L. Walker, The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep., 1969), pp. 880-899.
[25] Jack. L. Walker, The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep., 1969), pp. 897.
[26] Michael Minstrom. Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation”,American Journal of Political Science. Vol.41. Issue 3(July. 1997), 738-770。
[27] George W. Downs , Lawrence B. Mohr. “Conceptual Issues in Innovation”,Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (4) (Dec. 1976): 700-714。
[28] Frances Stokes Berry,William D. Berry. State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis. ” The American Political Science Review, Vol.84, Issue2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 395-415。
[29]Eleanor D. Glor“Innovation Traps, Risks and Challenges in Thinking About Innovation”, Workshop on Public Sector Innovation, February 9-10, 2000. Meeting Paper.
[30] Speech by Guido Bertucci, at the UN Thessaloniki Centre for Public Service Professionalism, Human Resource Division, 2003.
[31] Vicente Fox,State of the Nation Report to Congress, Mexico City, 9/1/2003.
参考文献:
1.Berry,Frances Stokes and William D. Berry. State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis. ” The American Political Science Review, Vol.84, Issue2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 395-415.
2.Borins, Sandford. 2008. Innovations in Government. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Pp. ix.
3.Downs, George W. and Lawrence B. Mohr. “Conceptual Issues in Innovation”,Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (4) (Dec. 1976): 700-714。
4.Eyestone ,Robert. “Confusion, Diffusion, and Innovation”. The American Political Science Review, Volume 71, Issue 2 (Jan. 1977).
5.Glor, Eleanor D. “Innovation Traps, Risks and Challenges in Thinking About Innovation”, Workshop on Public Sector Innovation, February 9-10, 2000. Meeting Paper.
6.Minstrom. Michael, Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation”,American Journal of Political Science. Vol.41. Issue 3(July. 1997), 738-770.
7.Mohr, Lawrence B.,” Determinants of Innovation in Organizations”. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 111-126.
8.Walker,Jack. L., The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep., 1969), pp. 880-899.
9.Walker,Richard M. “Measuring Public Services Innovation-a literature-based innovation output indicator in the housing association sector”, Public Administration Vol.80 NO.1,2002(201-214).
10.Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th Edition. New York: The Free Press. 1995.
11.陈雪莲:“地方政府创新的驱动模式”,《公共管理学报》,Vol.6 ,No.3. July 2009。